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Adjectives and adverbs

about adjectives and adverbs

Adjectives Adjectives: forms Adjectives: order Adverbs Adverbs and adverb phrases: position Adverbs and adverb phrases: typical errors Adverbs: forms Adverbs: functions Adverbs: types

adjectives

Afraid Alike Hard Long Only Same, similar, identical

adjective and adverb phrases

Adjective phrases Adjective phrases: functions Adjective phrases: position Adjectives and adjective phrases: typical errors Adverb phrases

common adverbs

Even Eventually Hardly Hopefully Largely Likely and unlikely Surely Too Ultimately

comparatives and superlatives

Comparison: adjectives (bigger, biggest, more interesting) Comparison: adverbs (worse, more easily)

adverbs of degree

Fairly Intensifiers (very, at all) Much, a lot, lots, a good deal: adverbs Pretty Quite Rather Really Scarcely Very

adverbs of place and movement

Abroad Away and away from Back Inside Nearby Outside Up

adverbs of time and frequency

About Ago Already Always Early Ever Hardly ever, rarely, scarcely, seldom Next No longer, not any longer No more, not any more Now Often Once as an adverb Soon Still Then Usually

Easily confused words

Above or over? Across, over or through? Advice or advise? Affect or effect? All or every? All or whole? Allow, permit or let? Almost or nearly? Alone, lonely, or lonesome? Along or alongside? Already, still or yet? Also, as well or too? Alternate(ly), alternative(ly) Although or though? Altogether or all together? Amount of, number of or quantity of? Any more or anymore? Anyone, anybody or anything? Apart from or except for? Arise or rise? Around or round? Arouse or rouse? As or like? As, because or since? As, when or while? Been or gone? Begin or start? Beside or besides? Between or among? Born or borne? Bring, take and fetch Can, could or may? Classic or classical? Come or go? Consider or regard? Consist, comprise or compose? Content or contents? Different from, different to or different than? Do or make? Down, downwards or downward? During or for? Each or every? East or eastern; north or northern? Economic or economical? Efficient or effective? Elder, eldest or older, oldest? End or finish? Especially or specially? Every one or everyone? Except or except for? Expect, hope or wait? Experience or experiment? Fall or fall down? Far or a long way?

Farther, farthest or further, furthest?

Further (but not farther)

Fast, quick or quickly? Fell or felt? Female or feminine; male or masculine? Finally, at last, lastly or in the end? First, firstly or at first? Fit or suit? Following or the following? For or since? Forget or leave? Full or filled? Fun or funny? Get or go? Grateful or thankful? Hear or listen (to)? High or tall? Historic or historical? House or home? How is …? or What is … like? If or when? If or whether? Ill or sick? Imply or infer? In the way or on the way? It’s or its? Late or lately? Lay or lie? Lend or borrow? Less or fewer? Look at, see or watch? Low or short? Man, mankind or people? Maybe or may be? Maybe or perhaps? Nearest or next? Never or not … ever? Nice or sympathetic? No doubt or without doubt? No or not? Nowadays, these days or today? Open or opened? Opportunity or possibility? Opposite or in front of? Other, others, the other or another? Out or out of? Permit or permission? Person, persons or people? Pick or pick up? Play or game? Politics, political, politician or policy? Price or prize? Principal or principle? Quiet or quite? Raise or rise? Remember or remind? Right or rightly? Rob or steal? Say or tell? So that or in order that? Sometimes or sometime? Sound or noise? Speak or talk? Such or so? There, their or they’re? Towards or toward? Wait or wait for? Wake, wake up or awaken? Worth or worthwhile?

Nouns, pronouns and determiners

about nouns

Age Comparison: nouns (more money, the most points) Gender Piece words and group words Nouns Nouns and gender Nouns and prepositions Nouns: compound nouns Nouns: countable and uncountable Nouns: form Nouns: forming nouns from other words Nouns: singular and plural

common nouns

Half Holiday and holidays Mind as a noun Opinion Reason Reported speech: reporting nouns Sort, type and kind View as a noun Way Work (noun)

determiners

A/an and the Determiners and types of noun Determiners used as pronouns Determiners: position and order Determiners: typical errors Possession (John’s car, a friend of mine) Such as a determiner This, that, these, those

noun phrases

Noun phrases Noun phrases: complements Noun phrases: noun phrases and verbs Noun phrases: order Noun phrases: two noun phrases together Noun phrases: uses

pronouns

Each other, one another Everyone, everybody, everything, everywhere It No one, nobody, nothing, nowhere One One and one’s Pronouns Pronouns: indefinite (-body, -one, -thing, -where) Pronouns: one, you, we, they Pronouns: personal (I, me, you, him, it, they, etc.) Pronouns: possessive (my, mine, your, yours, etc.) Pronouns: reflexive (myself, themselves, etc.) Questions: interrogative pronouns (what, who) Relative pronouns Someone, somebody, something, somewhere That

quantifiers

A bit All Any Either Enough Least, the least, at least Less Little, a little, few, a few Lots, a lot, plenty Many More Most, the most, mostly Much, many, a lot of, lots of: quantifiers No, none and none of Plenty Some Some and any

question words

What When Where Which Who, whom Whole Whose Why

uncountable nouns

Accommodation Equipment Furniture Information News Progress Stuff Weather

Prepositions and particles

Above

After

After as a preposition and conjunction After or afterwards as an adverb

Against Among and amongst At At, in and to (movement) At, on and in (place) At, on and in (time)

Below

Below referring forward in writing

Beneath: meaning and use Beyond By + myself etc. During For For + -ing From In front of In spite of and despite In, into

Near and near to

Near as an adjective

Of On, onto

Over

Over as a preposition Over: typical errors Over as a prefix Over as an adjective: be over Over as an adverb

Prepositional phrases Prepositions

To

To: the to-infinitive

Under

Until

Until as a conjunction

With

Within

Within: space Within: time

Without

Words, sentences and clauses

about words, clauses and sentences

Abbreviations, initials and acronyms Adjuncts Apposition Clause types Clauses Clauses and sentences Clauses: finite and non-finite Collocation Complements Dummy subjects Ellipsis Fronting Heads Objects Promise Sentences Subject complements Subjects Subject–verb agreement Word classes and phrase classes

as and as expressions

As … as As if and as though As long as and so long as As well (as) As

comparing and contrasting

Comparison: clauses (bigger than we had imagined) Comparison: comparisons of equality (as tall as his father) Contrasts

conditionals and wishes

Conditionals: if Conditionals Conditionals: other expressions (unless, should, as long as) Conditionals: typical errors If only In case (of) It’s time Suppose, supposing and what if Unless

linking words and expressions

And Because, because of and cos, cos of Before Both … and as a linking expression But Conjunctions Conjunctions: adding Conjunctions: causes, reasons, results and purpose Conjunctions: contrasting Conjunctions: time Either … or… If In order to Or Since Whereas Whether While and whilst Yet

questions and negative sentences

How Negation Neither, neither … nor and not … either Not Questions Questions: alternative questions (Is it black or grey?) Questions: statement questions (you’re over 18?) Questions: two-step questions Questions: typical errors Questions: wh-questions Questions: yes-no questions (Are you feeling cold?)

relative clauses

Relative clauses Relative clauses referring to a whole sentence Relative clauses: defining and non-defining Relative clauses: typical errors

reported speech

Reported speech Reported speech: direct speech Reported speech: indirect speech

so and such

So and not with expect, hope, think, etc. Such as

word formation

-ish and -y Compound words Diminutives (-let, -y and mini-) Hyphens Luck and lucky Prefixes Suffixes Word formation

word order and focus

Cleft sentences (It was in June we got married.) Inversion Made from, made of, made out of, made with No sooner Not only … but also Word order and focus Word order: structures

Using English

discourse markers

Adverbs as discourse markers (anyway, finally) Anyway Discourse markers (so, right, okay) In fact Okay, OK Well You know You see

emphasising and downtoning

Downtoners Exclamations Hedges (just) Hyperbole

functions

Commands and instructions Commentaries Congratulating and celebrating hello, goodbye, Happy New Year Invitations Offers Please and thank you Politeness Requests Suggestions Telephoning Warnings

numbers

Area: length, width, depth and height Number Time

people and places

Geographical places Names and titles: addressing people Nationalities, languages, countries and regions Place names Sexist language

speaking

Adverbs as short responses (definitely, certainly) All right and alright Chunks as frames Headers and tails Here and there Interjections (ouch, hooray) Intonation Just Kind of and sort of Oh Pronunciation Question: follow-up questions Questions: echo and checking questions Questions: short forms So: other uses in speaking Substitution Tags Yes

types of English (formal, informal, etc.)

British and American English Dialect Double negatives and usage Formal and informal language Newspaper headlines Register Slang Standard and non-standard language Swearing and taboo expressions

useful phrases

According to Actual and actually Approximations (around four o’clock) At all Else Hear that, see that However, whatever, whichever, whenever, wherever, whoever May as well and might as well More or less Of course Point of view Vague expressions

writing

Apostrophe (’) Contractions Detached impersonal style Internet discourse and text messages It, this and that in paragraphs Paragraphs Punctuation Speech into writing Spelling Dates

Verbs

about verbs

Finite and non-finite verbs Table of irregular verbs Verb phrases Verbs Verbs and verb phrases: typical errors Verbs: basic forms Verbs: formation Verbs: multi-word verbs Verbs: types

be and be expressions

Be Be expressions ( be able to, be due to)

common verbs

Appear Arrive Ask and ask for Come Do Enable Enjoy Explain Get Go Happen Hate, like, love and prefer Have Have got and have Hope Know Let, let’s Like Look Make Marry and divorce Matter Mean Miss Need Own Prefer Put See Seem Suggest Take Think Want Wish

future

Future: other expressions to talk about the future Future: be going to(I am going to work)? Future Future continuous (I will be working) Future in the past Future perfect continuous (I will have beenworking here ten years) Future perfect simple (I will have worked eight hours) Future: present continuous to talk about the future (I’m working tomorrow) Future: present simple to talk aboutthe future (I work tomorrow) Future: typical errors Future: will and shall Going to

infinitives and imperatives

Imperative clauses (Be quiet!) Infinitive: active or passive? Infinitives with and without to

modals and modality

Can Could Could, may and might Dare Had better May Might Modality: forms Modality: introduction Modality: meanings and uses Modality: other modal words and expressions Modality: other verbs Modality: tense Must Ought to Shall Should Will Would

passive

Get passive Have something done Passive

past

Past Past continuous (I was working) Past continuous or past simple? Past perfect continuous (I had been working) Past perfect simple (I had worked) Past perfect simple or past perfect continuous? Past perfect simple or past simple? Past simple (I worked) Past simple or present perfect? Past verb forms referring to the present Past: typical errors Used to

present

Present Present continuous (I am working) Present perfect continuous (I have been working) Present perfect simple (I have worked) Present perfect simple or present perfect continuous? Present perfect: typical errors Present simple (I work) Present simple or present continuous? Present verb forms referring to the past Present: typical errors

verb patterns

Hear, see, etc. + object + infinitive or -ing Help somebody (to) do Look forward to Stop + -ing form or to-infinitive Verb patterns: verb + infinitive or verb + -ing? Verb patterns: verb + that-clause Verb patterns: with and without objects Would like Would rather, would sooner

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Could

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Could

Could: form

Affirmative (+) form

Negative (−) form

Question (?) form

Could: uses

Possibility

Suggestions

Permission

Could: past

Past achievement

Ability

Possibility

Guessing and predicting: couldn’t as the negative of must

Could + smell, taste, think, believe, etc.

Reporting can

Criticism

Regret

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